# sources

title: commonwealthfund.org: Us health care global perspective 2022
node_name: US Multi-Payer Healthcare Fragmentation
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2023/jan/us-health-care-global-perspective-2022


title: kff.org: How do healthcare prices and use in the u s compare to other countries
node_name: US Multi-Payer Healthcare Fragmentation
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.kff.org/health-costs/how-do-healthcare-prices-and-use-in-the-u-s-compare-to-other-countries/


title: techtarget.com: Healthcare Reimbursement Still Largely Fee for Service Driven
node_name: Fee-for-Service Volume Incentive
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.techtarget.com/revcyclemanagement/news/366601925/Healthcare-Reimbursement-Still-Largely-Fee-for-Service-Driven


title: taxpolicycenter.org: How does tax exclusion employer sponsored health insurance work
node_name: ESI Tax Exclusion Cost Shielding
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/how-does-tax-exclusion-employer-sponsored-health-insurance-work


title: cato.org: End tax exclusion employer sponsored health insurance return 1 trillion workers who
node_name: ESI Tax Exclusion Cost Shielding
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/end-tax-exclusion-employer-sponsored-health-insurance-return-1-trillion-workers-who


title: kff.org: What to know about pharmacy benefit managers pbms and federal efforts at regulation
node_name: PBM Rebate Opacity System
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.kff.org/other-health/what-to-know-about-pharmacy-benefit-managers-pbms-and-federal-efforts-at-regulation/


node_name: Medicare Rate Benchmark Spillover
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2022/how-differences-medicaid-medicare-and-commercial-health-insurance-payment-rates-impact

title:
commonwealthfund.org: How differences medicaid medicare and commercial health insurance payment rates impact


title: healthcarevaluehub.org: Medicare rates as a benchmark too much too little or just right
node_name: Medicare Rate Benchmark Spillover
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://healthcarevaluehub.org/resource/2020/medicare-rates-as-a-benchmark-too-much-too-little-or-just-right/


title: commonwealthfund.org: Reforming erisa help states control health care costs
node_name: ERISA Preemption State Reform Block
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2023/feb/reforming-erisa-help-states-control-health-care-costs


title: commonwealthfund.org: State cost control reforms erisa preemption
node_name: ERISA Preemption State Reform Block
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2022/may/state-cost-control-reforms-erisa-preemption


title: commonwealthfund.org: How drugmakers use patent process keep prices high
node_name: Pharma Patent Thicket FDA Exclusivity Stack
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/explainer/2025/nov/how-drugmakers-use-patent-process-keep-prices-high


title: aamc.org: Physician education debt and cost attend medical school
node_name: Primary Care Desert
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/students-residents/report/physician-education-debt-and-cost-attend-medical-school


title: healthsystemtracker.org: How do healthcare prices and use in the u s compare to other countries
node_name: It's Prices Not Utilization
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/how-do-healthcare-prices-and-use-in-the-u-s-compare-to-other-countries/


node_name: Social Determinants Healthcare Spending Substitution
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://wjarr.com/content/social-determinants-health-examining-poverty-housing-and-education-widening-us-healthcare

title:
wjarr.com: Social determinants health examining poverty housing and education widening us healthcare


title: odphp.health.gov: Poverty
node_name: Social Determinants Healthcare Spending Substitution
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health/literature-summaries/poverty


title: bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com: 2023 2024 ECCHC Final Paper Melo Vitor RuralAccess Melo 2024May13
node_name: Certificate of Need Supply Restriction
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/voices.uchicago.edu/dist/d/3128/files/2024/07/2023-2024-ECCHC-Final-Paper-Melo-Vitor-RuralAccess_Melo_2024May13.pdf


title: pharmacytimes.com: Billions at stake 340b program integrity and sustainability in 2024 2025
node_name: 340B Drug Program Distortion
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/billions-at-stake-340b-program-integrity-and-sustainability-in-2024-2025


node_name: ACO Value-Based Care Proof of Concept
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://accountableforhealth.org/accountability-delivered-in-medicare-shared-savings-program-results-from-2024/

title:
accountableforhealth.org: Accountability delivered in medicare shared savings program results from 2024


title: commonwealthfund.org: Hospital global budgeting lessons maryland selected nations
node_name: Maryland All-Payer Rate Setting Model
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2024/jun/hospital-global-budgeting-lessons-maryland-selected-nations


node_name: Maryland All-Payer Rate Setting Model
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://marylandmatters.org/2026/01/16/state-turns-to-private-insurers-to-help-fund-shift-to-new-hospital-rate-setting-framework/

title:
marylandmatters.org: State turns to private insurers to help fund shift to new hospital rate setting framework


node_name: Medicare Advantage Risk Score Gaming
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://schaeffer.usc.edu/research/improving-medicare-advantage-by-accounting-for-large-differences-in-upcoding-across-plans/

title:
schaeffer.usc.edu: Improving medicare advantage by accounting for large differences in upcoding across plans


title: medicarerights.org: Senate report exposes medicare advantage gaming
node_name: Medicare Advantage Risk Score Gaming
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.medicarerights.org/medicare-watch/2026/01/15/senate-report-exposes-medicare-advantage-gaming


title: ilr.cornell.edu: Healthcare insights how medical debt crushing 100 million americans
node_name: Medical Debt Financial Toxicity
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/scheinman-institute/blog/john-august-healthcare/healthcare-insights-how-medical-debt-crushing-100-million-americans


node_name: Medical Debt Financial Toxicity
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://fresh-start.law/post/personal-bankruptcies-in-2025-are-medical-debt-and-student-loans-pushing-americans-over-the-edge/

title:
fresh-start.law: Personal bankruptcies in 2025 are medical debt and student loans pushing americans over the edge


title: Science: Biden wants nih have march power override patent rights high priced drugs
node_name: Bayh-Dole NIH-Pharma IP Capture
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.science.org/content/article/biden-wants-nih-have-march-power-override-patent-rights-high-priced-drugs


node_name: Bayh-Dole NIH-Pharma IP Capture
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://foleyhoag.com/news-and-insights/publications/alerts-and-updates/2023/december/biden-administration-releases-draft-framework-for-exercising-bayh-dole-march-in-rights/

title:
foleyhoag.com: Biden administration releases draft framework for exercising bayh dole march in rights


title: globallegalinsights.com: Germany
node_name: Germany GKV-AMNOG Regulated Multi-Payer Model
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/pricing-reimbursement-laws-and-regulations/germany/


node_name: Germany GKV-AMNOG Regulated Multi-Payer Model
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://trinitylifesciences.com/blog/the-german-financial-stabilization-of-statutory-health-insurance-system-act/

title:
trinitylifesciences.com: The german financial stabilization of statutory health insurance system act


title: navitus.com: Pharmacy benefit management by the numbers 2026 and the cost of opacity
node_name: PBM Rebate Trap Drug Pricing Inflation
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://navitus.com/pbm-101/pharmacy-benefits/pharmacy-benefit-management-by-the-numbers-2026-and-the-cost-of-opacity/


node_name: PBM Rebate Trap Drug Pricing Inflation
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://news.blueshieldca.com/2026/02/04/pharmacy-benefit-manager-reform-act-new-prescription-drug-cost-bill-established-on-national-stage-following-californias-example/

title:
news.blueshieldca.com: Pharmacy benefit manager reform act new prescription drug cost bill established on national stage following californias example


node_name: IRA Medicare Drug Price Negotiation
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/medicare-drug-price-negotiation-program-negotiated-prices-initial-price-applicability-year-2026

title:
cms.gov: Medicare drug price negotiation program negotiated prices initial price applicability year 2026


title: commonwealthfund.org: Medicare drug price negotiations all you need know
node_name: IRA Medicare Drug Price Negotiation
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/explainer/2025/may/medicare-drug-price-negotiations-all-you-need-know


title: medicarerights.org: Negotiated prices take effect for ten drugs in 2026
node_name: IRA Medicare Drug Price Negotiation
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.medicarerights.org/medicare-watch/2025/10/09/negotiated-prices-take-effect-for-ten-drugs-in-2026


title: ajmc.com: Ama survey highlights growing burden of prior authorization on physicians patients
node_name: Prior Authorization Insurer Gatekeeping
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ajmc.com/view/ama-survey-highlights-growing-burden-of-prior-authorization-on-physicians-patients


title: ama-assn.org: Fixing prior auth nearly 40 prior authorizations week way
node_name: Prior Authorization Insurer Gatekeeping
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/prior-authorization/fixing-prior-auth-nearly-40-prior-authorizations-week-way


title: rand.org: The health care system is broken and prior authorization
node_name: Prior Authorization Insurer Gatekeeping
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2025/07/the-health-care-system-is-broken-and-prior-authorization.html


node_name: Medicaid Coverage Gap NFIB Sebelius Fracture
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.kff.org/medicaid/how-many-uninsured-are-in-the-coverage-gap-and-how-many-could-be-eligible-if-all-states-adopted-the-medicaid-expansion/

title:
kff.org: How many uninsured are in the coverage gap and how many could be eligible if all states adopted the medicaid expansion


title: cbpp.org: Closing medicaid coverage gap would provide over 1 5 million uninsured adults path
node_name: Medicaid Coverage Gap NFIB Sebelius Fracture
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/closing-medicaid-coverage-gap-would-provide-over-1-5-million-uninsured-adults-path


title: commonwealthfund.org: 340b drug pricing program how it works and why its controversial
node_name: 340B Drug Discount Cross-Subsidy Capture
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/explainer/2025/aug/340b-drug-pricing-program-how-it-works-and-why-its-controversial


title: healthcare-brew.com: Potential end aco reach question mark value based care
node_name: ACO Value-Based Care Structural Ceiling
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.healthcare-brew.com/stories/2025/09/22/potential-end-aco-reach-question-mark-value-based-care


node_name: UnitedHealth Optum Vertical Integration Flywheel
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://markets.financialcontent.com/stocks/article/marketminute-2026-4-8-the-end-of-the-flywheel-doj-intensifies-structural-challenge-against-unitedhealths-vertical-empire

title:
markets.financialcontent.com: Marketminute 2026 4 8 the end of the flywheel doj intensifies structural challenge against unitedhealths vertical empire


title: healthcaredive.com: 804600
node_name: UnitedHealth Optum Vertical Integration Flywheel
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.healthcaredive.com/news/unitedhealthcare-pays-optum-doctors-more-than-other-doctors-study/804600/


node_name: Nonprofit Hospital Tax-Exempt Charity Care Gap
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://hbhi.jhu.edu/publications/beyond-bottom-line-assessing-charity-care-community-benefits-and-tax-exemptions-nonprofit-hospitals

title:
hbhi.jhu.edu: Beyond bottom line assessing charity care community benefits and tax exemptions nonprofit hospitals


node_name: Nonprofit Hospital Tax-Exempt Charity Care Gap
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://waysandmeans.house.gov/2025/09/22/six-key-moments-hearing-on-tax-exempt-hospitals-and-the-community-benefit-standard/

title:
waysandmeans.house.gov: Six key moments hearing on tax exempt hospitals and the community benefit standard


title: ama-assn.org: Ama successfully fights scope practice expansions threaten patient safety
node_name: Scope of Practice Suppression Physician Supply Cartel
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/scope-practice/ama-successfully-fights-scope-practice-expansions-threaten-patient-safety


title: blog.healthjobsnationwide.com: State by state guide expanding roles for pas and nps updated 2025
node_name: Scope of Practice Suppression Physician Supply Cartel
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://blog.healthjobsnationwide.com/state-by-state-guide-expanding-roles-for-pas-and-nps-updated-2025/


title: commonwealthfoundation.org: Nurse practitioner reform full practice authority pennsylvania
node_name: Scope of Practice Suppression Physician Supply Cartel
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://commonwealthfoundation.org/research/nurse-practitioner-reform-full-practice-authority-pennsylvania/


title: commonwealthfund.org: Why rural hospitals face funding crisis how it could get worse
node_name: Rural Hospital Closure Crisis
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/explainer/2026/feb/why-rural-hospitals-face-funding-crisis-how-it-could-get-worse


node_name: Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.csrxp.org/csrxp-analysis-finds-big-pharmas-direct-to-consumer-dtc-advertising-costs-u-s-taxpayers-billions-of-dollars/

title:
csrxp.org: Csrxp analysis finds big pharmas direct to consumer dtc advertising costs u s taxpayers billions of dollars


node_name: Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://hmpi.org/2024/11/17/revisiting-direct-to-consumer-and-pharmacy-advertising-2024-lessons-from-the-rise-of-anti-obesity-medicines/

title:
hmpi.org: Revisiting direct to consumer and pharmacy advertising 2024 lessons from the rise of anti obesity medicines


node_name: Taiwan NHI Single-Payer Transition Model
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://taiwaninsight.org/2022/11/11/taiwans-single-payer-national-health-insurance-at-a-crossroads-barbarians-at-the-gate-and-way-forward/

title:
taiwaninsight.org: Taiwans single payer national health insurance at a crossroads barbarians at the gate and way forward


title: newyorkfed.org: Impact of Political Backlash on Health Care Costs
node_name: 1990s HMO Backlash Managed Care Collapse
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/economists/pinkovskiy/Impact_of_Political_Backlash_on_Health_Care_Costs.pdf


node_name: OBBB Medicaid Defunding 2025
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://ccf.georgetown.edu/2025/07/22/medicaid-chip-and-affordable-care-act-marketplace-cuts-and-other-health-provisions-in-the-budget-reconciliation-law-explained/

title:
ccf.georgetown.edu: Medicaid chip and affordable care act marketplace cuts and other health provisions in the budget reconciliation law explained


title: medicarerights.org: Cbo analysis shows medicaid cuts would terminate coverage for millions
node_name: OBBB Medicaid Defunding 2025
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.medicarerights.org/medicare-watch/2025/05/08/cbo-analysis-shows-medicaid-cuts-would-terminate-coverage-for-millions/


title: americanprogress.org: The truth about the one big beautiful bill acts cuts to medicaid and medicare
node_name: OBBB Medicaid Defunding 2025
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-truth-about-the-one-big-beautiful-bill-acts-cuts-to-medicaid-and-medicare/


title: astho.org: Aca enhanced premium tax credits legislative developments 2025 2026
node_name: ACA Subsidy Cliff Coverage Erosion 2026
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.astho.org/communications/blog/2026/aca-enhanced-premium-tax-credits-legislative-developments-2025-2026/


node_name: NP/PA Scope of Practice Physician Monopoly
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.cokergroup.com/insights/scope-of-practice-laws-for-nurse-practitioners-and-physician-assistants-impact-on-healthcare-access-and-quality

title:
cokergroup.com: Scope of practice laws for nurse practitioners and physician assistants impact on healthcare access and quality


node_name: NP/PA Scope of Practice Physician Monopoly
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.sheppardhealthlaw.com/2025/11/articles/healthcare/navigating-healthcare-workforce-shortages-evolving-scope-of-practice-and-staffing-regulations/

title:
sheppardhealthlaw.com: Navigating healthcare workforce shortages evolving scope of practice and staffing regulations


title: ama-assn.org: Federal student loan changes would worsen physician shortage
node_name: Medical Education Debt Specialty Distortion
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ama-assn.org/about/leadership/federal-student-loan-changes-would-worsen-physician-shortage


title: aha.org: 2022 12 02 fact sheet increased graduate medical education needed preserve access care
node_name: GME Cap Physician Supply Constraint
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.aha.org/fact-sheets/2022-12-02-fact-sheet-increased-graduate-medical-education-needed-preserve-access-care


title: nihcr.org: Pcp workforce nps
node_name: NP Scope of Practice Restriction
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.nihcr.org/analysis/improving-care-delivery/prevention-improving-health/pcp-workforce-nps/


title: facs.org: Cost of robotic surgery remains complex equation
node_name: Medical Arms Race Technology Diffusion
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/bulletin/2026/february-2026-volume-111-issue-2/cost-of-robotic-surgery-remains-complex-equation/


title: health.wusf.usf.edu: Proton beam therapy sparks hospital arms race
node_name: Medical Arms Race Technology Diffusion
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://health.wusf.usf.edu/npr-health/npr-health/2013-05-31/proton-beam-therapy-sparks-hospital-arms-race


title: beckersbehavioralhealth.com: Wider care gaps predicted as mental health parity rule faces rollback
node_name: Mental Health Parity MHPAEA Enforcement Gap
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.beckersbehavioralhealth.com/legal/wider-care-gaps-predicted-as-mental-health-parity-rule-faces-rollback/


node_name: Mental Health Parity MHPAEA Enforcement Gap
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.sheppardhealthlaw.com/2025/05/articles/behavioral-health/enforcement-of-mental-health-parity-rules-paused-with-further-changes-anticipated/

title:
sheppardhealthlaw.com: Enforcement of mental health parity rules paused with further changes anticipated


title: commonwealthfund.org: Medical liability costs estimated 556 billion annually
node_name: Defensive Medicine Malpractice Liability Trap
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/newsletter-article/medical-liability-costs-estimated-556-billion-annually


node_name: Defensive Medicine Malpractice Liability Trap
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://fortune.com/2024/07/02/medical-malpractice-payouts-ballooning-insurers-warning-cost-patients-health-personal-finance/

title:
fortune.com: Medical malpractice payouts ballooning insurers warning cost patients health personal finance


node_name: Defensive Medicine Malpractice Liability Trap
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.thedoctors.com/about-the-doctors-company/newsroom/press-releases/2025/inflation-added-$4-billion-to-medical-malpractice-losses-the-doctors-company-study-finds/

title:
thedoctors.com: Inflation added $4 billion to medical malpractice losses the doctors company study finds


title: mdlinx.com: 2JDUr3eZh4MIcLex1XomEE
node_name: US Medical Education Debt Specialty Distortion
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.mdlinx.com/article/why-us-medical-students-are-shunning-primary-care/2JDUr3eZh4MIcLex1XomEE


title: centerforbiosimilars.com: From amjevita to zarxio a decade of us biosimilar approvals
node_name: Biosimilar PBM Formulary Suppression
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.centerforbiosimilars.com/view/from-amjevita-to-zarxio-a-decade-of-us-biosimilar-approvals


title: cms.gov: Cms moves closer accountable care goals 2025 aco initiatives
node_name: ACO Value-Based Care Reform Paradox
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/cms-moves-closer-accountable-care-goals-2025-aco-initiatives


title: hcinnovationgroup.com: Cms announces record savings aco payouts in medicare shared savings program
node_name: ACO Value-Based Care Reform Paradox
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.hcinnovationgroup.com/policy-value-based-care/article/55239213/cms-announces-record-savings-aco-payouts-in-medicare-shared-savings-program


title: whitehouse.gov: Delivering most favored nation prescription drug pricing to american patients
node_name: US Global Drug Price Cross-Subsidy Dynamic
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/05/delivering-most-favored-nation-prescription-drug-pricing-to-american-patients/


title: ispor.org: International reference pricing comes to america the mfn policies explained
node_name: US Global Drug Price Cross-Subsidy Dynamic
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ispor.org/publications/journals/value-outcomes-spotlight/vos-archives/issue/view/preventive-medicine/international-reference-pricing-comes-to-america--the-mfn-policies-explained


title: ama-assn.org: Congress revives bill add 14000 gme slots over seven years
node_name: ACGME Residency Cap Physician Scarcity
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ama-assn.org/education/gme-funding/congress-revives-bill-add-14000-gme-slots-over-seven-years


title: aamc.org: New aamc report shows continuing projected physician shortage
node_name: ACGME Residency Cap Physician Scarcity
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.aamc.org/news/press-releases/new-aamc-report-shows-continuing-projected-physician-shortage


title: acgme.org: Session summary physician workforce shortage and how states are responding
node_name: ACGME Residency Cap Physician Scarcity
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.acgme.org/newsroom/blog/2025/session-summary-physician-workforce-shortage-and-how-states-are-responding/


title: oig.hhs.gov: Not all selected hospitals complied with the hospital price transparency rule
node_name: Hospital Price Transparency Rule Failure
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://oig.hhs.gov/reports/all/2024/not-all-selected-hospitals-complied-with-the-hospital-price-transparency-rule/


node_name: Certificate of Need Laws Hospital Competition Block
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://thedailyeconomy.org/article/certificate-of-need-laws-how-government-permission-slips-restrict-care-and-raise-costs/

title:
thedailyeconomy.org: Certificate of need laws how government permission slips restrict care and raise costs


node_name: ACO Value-Based Care Reform Stall
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.chausa.org/news-and-publications/publications/health-progress/archives/fall-2025/accountable-care-organizations-save-billions--but-struggles-remain-in-the-shift-to-value-based-care

title:
chausa.org: Accountable care organizations save billions but struggles remain in the shift to value based care


title: commonwealthfund.org: Behavioral health parity takes step backward under trump administration
node_name: Mental Health Parity Enforcement Gap
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2026/behavioral-health-parity-takes-step-backward-under-trump-administration


title: beckersbehavioralhealth.com: States shaping behavioral health parity enforcement 7 things to know
node_name: Mental Health Parity Enforcement Gap
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.beckersbehavioralhealth.com/payer/states-shaping-behavioral-health-parity-enforcement-7-things-to-know/


node_name: Hospital Chargemaster Price Anchor
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ajmc.com/view/battling-the-chargemaster-a-simple-remedy-to-balance-billing-for-unavoidable-out-of-network-care

title:
ajmc.com: Battling the chargemaster a simple remedy to balance billing for unavoidable out of network care


title: aamc.org: New aamc data medical school applicants and enrollment 2024
node_name: Medicare GME Cap Physician Pipeline Bottleneck
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.aamc.org/news/press-releases/new-aamc-data-medical-school-applicants-and-enrollment-2024


node_name: Medicare GME Cap Physician Pipeline Bottleneck
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.practicematch.com/employers/recruitment-articles/record-u-s-medical-school-enrollment-in-2025-what-it-means-for-physician-recruiters.cfm

title:
practicematch.com: Record u s medical school enrollment in 2025 what it means for physician recruiters


title: opb.org: New limits on medical and nursing school loans worry health educators
node_name: Medicare GME Cap Physician Pipeline Bottleneck
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.opb.org/article/2025/11/25/new-limits-on-medical-and-nursing-school-loans-worry-health-educators/


node_name: Mental Health Parity Ghost Network Failure
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://ace-usa.org/blog/research/research-publichealth/mental-healthcare-access-at-risk-understanding-the-2024-final-rule-update-to-the-mental-health-parity-and-addiction-equity-act/

title:
ace-usa.org: Mental healthcare access at risk understanding the 2024 final rule update to the mental health parity and addiction equity act


title: beckersbehavioralhealth.com: Whats the deal with insurer mental health parity violations
node_name: Mental Health Parity Ghost Network Failure
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.beckersbehavioralhealth.com/behavioral-health-government-policies/whats-the-deal-with-insurer-mental-health-parity-violations/


title: dol.gov: Statement regarding enforcement of the final rule on requirements related to mhpaea
node_name: Mental Health Parity Ghost Network Failure
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa/laws-and-regulations/laws/mental-health-parity/statement-regarding-enforcement-of-the-final-rule-on-requirements-related-to-mhpaea


title: impactwellnessnetwork.com: 2025 updates to the mental health parity and addiction equity act mhpaea
node_name: Mental Health Parity Ghost Network Failure
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://impactwellnessnetwork.com/2025-updates-to-the-mental-health-parity-and-addiction-equity-act-mhpaea/


title: mercer.com: Glp 1 considerations for 2026 your questions answered
node_name: Prevention ROI Insurance Temporal Mismatch
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.mercer.com/en-us/insights/us-health-news/glp-1-considerations-for-2026-your-questions-answered/


node_name: Prevention ROI Insurance Temporal Mismatch
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/perspectives-from-employers-on-the-costs-and-issues-associated-with-covering-glp-1-agonists-for-weight-loss/

title:
healthsystemtracker.org: Perspectives from employers on the costs and issues associated with covering glp 1 agonists for weight loss


node_name: GME Residency Slot Medicare Cap
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.aamc.org/news/press-releases/distribution-400-new-medicare-supported-graduate-medical-education-residency-positions-marks

title:
aamc.org: Distribution 400 new medicare supported graduate medical education residency positions marks


title: ajmc.com: Improve american health care by moving away from employer sponsored insurance
node_name: ESI Job Lock Labor Market Distortion
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ajmc.com/view/improve-american-health-care-by-moving-away-from-employer-sponsored-insurance


node_name: Mental Health Parity Enforcement Collapse
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://academyhealth.org/blog/2024-10/private-equitys-move-behavioral-health-care-and-what-could-mean-disparities-access-care

title:
academyhealth.org: Private equitys move behavioral health care and what could mean disparities access care


title: csis.org: Securing future us biopharmaceutical industry most favored nation paradox
node_name: US Global Drug R&D Subsidy Mechanism
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.csis.org/analysis/securing-future-us-biopharmaceutical-industry-most-favored-nation-paradox


title: ama-assn.org: How ai leading more prior authorization denials
node_name: AI Prior Authorization Denial Arms Race
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/prior-authorization/how-ai-leading-more-prior-authorization-denials


title: populytics.com: Why companies like gm and walmart are opting for direct health care contracting
node_name: Direct-to-Employer Healthcare Bypass
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.populytics.com/en/knowledge-center/blog/why-companies-like-gm-and-walmart-are-opting-for-direct-health-care-contracting


title: sanabenefits.com: Healthcare trailblazers walmarts innovative approach to self insurance
node_name: Direct-to-Employer Healthcare Bypass
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.sanabenefits.com/blog/healthcare-trailblazers-walmarts-innovative-approach-to-self-insurance/


title: aha.org: 2021 10 26 walmart transcarent team woo self insured
node_name: Direct-to-Employer Healthcare Bypass
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.aha.org/aha-center-health-innovation-market-scan/2021-10-26-walmart-transcarent-team-woo-self-insured


title: fortune.com: How trump wiped out 12 years of medicare funding cbo one big beautiful bill
node_name: Medicare HI Trust Fund OBBB Solvency Collapse
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://fortune.com/2026/02/23/how-trump-wiped-out-12-years-of-medicare-funding-cbo-one-big-beautiful-bill/


title: thedailyeconomy.org: Certificate of need laws still fail patients even after a decade of reform
node_name: Certificate of Need Hospital Market Protection
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://thedailyeconomy.org/article/certificate-of-need-laws-still-fail-patients-even-after-a-decade-of-reform/


node_name: MLR Perverse Incentive Profit Scales With Spending
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.americanprogress.org/article/medical-loss-ratio-reform-can-help-curb-corporate-power-and-lower-health-care-costs/

title:
americanprogress.org: Medical loss ratio reform can help curb corporate power and lower health care costs


node_name: MLR Perverse Incentive Profit Scales With Spending
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://freopp.org/oppblog/gaming-the-medical-loss-ratio-how-health-insurers-turn-consumer-protections-into-corporate-windfalls/

title:
freopp.org: Gaming the medical loss ratio how health insurers turn consumer protections into corporate windfalls


title: healthaffairs.org: Insurers own providers can game medical loss ratio rules
node_name: MLR Perverse Incentive Profit Scales With Spending
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.healthaffairs.org/content/forefront/insurers-own-providers-can-game-medical-loss-ratio-rules


node_name: IMG Physician Dependency 2026 Visa Crisis
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://kansasreflector.com/2025/10/18/how-new-foreign-worker-visa-fees-might-worsen-doctor-shortages-in-rural-america/

title:
kansasreflector.com: How new foreign worker visa fees might worsen doctor shortages in rural america


node_name: IMG Physician Dependency 2026 Visa Crisis
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://pbs.org/newshour/health/foreign-medical-residents-fill-critical-positions-at-u-s-hospitals-but-many-now-face-visa-issues

title:
pbs.org: Foreign medical residents fill critical positions at u s hospitals but many now face visa issues


title: oliverwyman.com: How to reduce administrative costs healthcare
node_name: HITECH EHR Administrative Overhead Paradox
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.oliverwyman.com/our-expertise/insights/2025/jan/how-to-reduce-administrative-costs-healthcare.html


title: commonwealthfund.org: Administrative burden primary care causes potential solutions
node_name: HITECH EHR Administrative Overhead Paradox
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2025/oct/administrative-burden-primary-care-causes-potential-solutions


node_name: ESI Premium as Invisible Wage Tax and Competitiveness Drag
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2026/03/are-rising-employee-health-insurance-costs-dampening-wage-growth/

title:
libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org: Are rising employee health insurance costs dampening wage growth


node_name: ESI Premium as Invisible Wage Tax and Competitiveness Drag
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://manufacturingdigital.com/ai-and-automation/can-us-manufacturers-cope-healthcare-costs-and-remain-globally-competitive

title:
manufacturingdigital.com: Can us manufacturers cope healthcare costs and remain globally competitive


node_name: Fee-for-Service Volume Incentive Perversion
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.healthcarebusinessinternational.com/20-perverse-incentives-and-stupid-things-in-health-care-services-2/

title:
healthcarebusinessinternational.com: 20 perverse incentives and stupid things in health care services 2


node_name: Pharmaceutical Patent Thicket Evergreening
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.csrxp.org/fact-sheet-big-pharmas-patent-abuse-costs-american-patients-taxpayers-and-the-u-s-health-care-system-billions-of-dollars-2/

title:
csrxp.org: Fact sheet big pharmas patent abuse costs american patients taxpayers and the u s health care system billions of dollars 2


title: statnews.com: Drug spending patent extension one and done monopoly fda hatch waxman bpcia
node_name: Pharmaceutical Patent Thicket Evergreening
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://statnews.com/2025/04/01/drug-spending-patent-extension-one-and-done-monopoly-fda-hatch-waxman-bpcia/


title: commonwealthfund.org: Designing accountable care lessons cms accountable care organizations
node_name: ACO Value-Based Payment Underperformance
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2022/designing-accountable-care-lessons-cms-accountable-care-organizations


node_name: Germany All-Payer Bismarck Rate Setting Model
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.milbank.org/quarterly/articles/bending-the-cost-growth-curve-and-expanding-coverage-lessons-from-germanys-all%E2%80%90payer-system-a-tribute-to-uwe-reinhardt/

title:
milbank.org: Bending the cost growth curve and expanding coverage lessons from germanys all%E2%80%90payer system a tribute to uwe reinhardt


node_name: Germany All-Payer Bismarck Rate Setting Model
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://myhfsadvisors.com/how-are-healthcare-costs-managed-and-controlled-in-germany-10-powerful-lessons-2025/

title:
myhfsadvisors.com: How are healthcare costs managed and controlled in germany 10 powerful lessons 2025


title: kffhealthnews.org: Certificate of need laws north carolina hospital bureaucracy dirt field
node_name: CON Law Incumbent Supply Cartel
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/certificate-of-need-laws-north-carolina-hospital-bureaucracy-dirt-field/


title: ftc.gov: 232120
node_name: CON Law Incumbent Supply Cartel
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/effect-state-certificate-need-laws-hospital-costs-economic-policy-analysis/232120.pdf


title: newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu: Hospitals gamed a medicare loophole to reap billions new study finds
node_name: US Healthcare Reform Capture Cycle
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu/research/hospitals-gamed-a-medicare-loophole-to-reap-billions-new-study-finds/


title: healthcaredive.com: 817246
node_name: US Healthcare Reform Capture Cycle
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.healthcaredive.com/spons/times-up-hospitals-and-the-340b-markup-program-need-reforms/817246/


node_name: 340B Drug Program Safety Net Capture
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.drugchannels.net/2025/12/340b-hit-81-billion-in-2024-23-why-cms-and-the-ira-are-poised-to-cool-the-programs-runaway-growth.html

title:
drugchannels.net: 340b hit 81 billion in 2024 23 why cms and the ira are poised to cool the programs runaway growth


node_name: Medical Error Iatrogenesis Fragmentation Cost
created_at: 2026-04-21 20:30:41
url:
https://www.blhfirm.com/blog/2025/08/already-the-third-leading-cause-of-death-in-the-united-states-medical-mistakes-up-13-over-previous-year/

title:
blhfirm.com: Already the third leading cause of death in the united states medical mistakes up 13 over previous year


